2^nd International Conference on Osteoporosis, Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders August 31-01, 2022 Venice, Italy

Arthritis is a condition of swelling and tenderness of one or more joints. Joint pain and stiffness are the most common symptoms of arthritis, which normally increase with age. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are the two most frequent kinds of arthritis. Osteoarthritis causes cartilage— the firm, slick tissue that covers the ends of bones where they meet to create a joint — breaks away. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune illness in which the body's immune system assaults the joints, starting with the joint lining.

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are soft-tissue injuries that are often caused by repeated motion, stress, vibration, and uncomfortable postures. Muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, and cartilage in the upper and lower limbs, neck, and lower back can all be affected. Workplace design is important in the development of MSDs, and they are particularly frequent in industries where workers are subjected to extended physical pressure on certain body regions.

Osteopenia is a condition in which bone mineral density decreases (BMD). This decrease of BMD, however, is not as severe as it is in osteoporosis. Osteopenia is a word used to describe bone density that isn't quite normal but not quite osteoporosis. According to the World Health Organization, osteopenia is defined as a T score of -1 to -2.5 on bone densitometry. Osteopenia is frequently referred to be a severe precursor to the development of osteoporosis. This is not always the case; someone might be diagnosed with osteopenia but not necessarily develop osteoporosis. With this in mind, osteopenia should be regarded as a serious risk factor for the development of osteoporosis and treated accordingly.

Osteonecrosis is a condition that occurs when blood supply to the bones in the joints is diminished. New bone is constantly replacing old bone in humans with healthy bones. The absence of blood in osteonecrosis causes the bone to break down quicker than the body can replace it. The bone begins to deteriorate and may shatter. Osteonecrosis can affect one or numerous bones. It most commonly affects the upper leg. Your upper arm, knees, shoulders, and ankles are other popular locations. Men and women of any age can have the condition, although it commonly hits in your thirties, forties, or fifties. You may not experience any symptoms at first. As the condition progresses, you will most likely have increasingly severe joint discomfort. You may find it difficult to bend or move the afflicted joint.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a category of bone-related hereditary diseases. The word "osteogenesis imperfecta" refers to a defect in the creation of bones. Bones in people with this condition are prone to breaking (fracture), often as a result of minor trauma or for no apparent reason. Multiple fractures are common and can occur even before birth in severe cases. Milder instances may only result in a few fractures throughout the course of a person's life.

Nutrition is one of the fundamental factors controlling bone growth, development throughout the lifetime. Nutrition and bone, muscle and joint health are firmly related. A healthy diet can help stop and manage osteoporosis and related musculoskeletal disorders by aiding the formation and support of bone. Two of the most imperative supplements are calcium and vitamin D. Calcium is a noteworthy building-square of bone tissue, the skeleton houses 99% of the body's calcium stores. Vitamin D is key at it helps your body to ingest calcium. There are various nutrition’s, supplements and vitamins, other than calcium and vitamin D, that assistance to counteract osteoporosis and add to bone, muscle and joint wellbeing, including protein, foods grown from the ground, and different vitamins and minerals. Late research has discovered that olive oil, soybeans, blueberries and foods wealthy in omega-3s, like angle oil and flaxseed oil may likewise have bone boosting benefits.

Hormonal factors considerably determine the pace of bone resorption; lack of oestrogen as a result of menopause will increase bone resorption, also as decreasing the deposition of new bone. Endocrinology is an important aspect of osteoporosis. Calcium metabolism additionally plays a major role in bone turnover, and deficiency of calcium and vitamin d ends up in impaired bone deposition; additionally, the parathyroid glands react to low calcium levels by secreting parathyroid hormone (parathormone, PTH), that will increase bone resorption to make sure ample calcium in the blood.

Women usually have smaller, thinner bones than men. Estrogen  is a hormone which secretes in women that protects bones. Amount of Estrogen secretion decreases when women reach her menopause. This causes bone loss in women which leads to high risk of Osteoporosis in women than men. Osteoporosis mostly  affect older women. Central dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a special type of low radiation X-ray for bones. Our bones have calcium in it. It helps to keep bones healthy and strong. Our body also uses calcium which in turn helps for blood clotting and muscles contraction. If enough calcium is not taken from our food supplements, body will take calcium from our bones which leads to fragile bones and causes Osteoporosis.

Osteoarthritis is one of the most frequent chronic illnesses. A joint is the point where two bones unite. A protective layer called cartilage covers these bones. Osteoarthritis causes the protecting tissue (cartilage) to break down, causing the bones to rub together and produce discomfort. Osteoarthritis is most frequently associated with the elderly, however it can affect persons of any age. Degenerative joint disease, degenerative arthritis, and wear-and-tear arthritis are all terms used to describe osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis can also be caused by displaced joints, ligament damage, and other factors. Osteoarthritis may affect every joint in the body. Swelling in the joints and surrounding areas can occur as a result of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis also causes a reduction in joint range of motion, joint instability, and joint discomfort.

Orthopaedics is a medical speciality that focuses on skeletal deformities, abnormalities of the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, nerves, and skin. The musculoskeletal system of your body is a complicated network of bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and nerves that allows you to move, work, and be active. Previously, it was dedicated to the treatment of children with abnormalities of the spine and limbs. Orthopaedics today treats patients of all ages, from new-borns with clubfeet to young sportsmen requiring arthroscopic surgery to elderly patients suffering from arthritis. Orthopaedic surgeons, often known as orthopaedists, are doctors who specialise in this specialty. Orthopaedics is a discipline of medicine that specialises on joint and bone disorders.

Rheumatology is the study and treatment of rheumatic illnesses. Your tendons, ligaments, bones, and muscles are all affected. It's a specialisation of internal medicine and paediatrics that focuses on rheumatic illness diagnosis and treatment. Stiffness, joint discomfort, and other issues with the joints, muscles, and tendons are also investigated. Basic and clinical rheumatology, as well as clinical diagnosis, therapy, and long-term care of patients with various disorders, are all branches of rheumatology. Rheumatologists are doctors who have had specialised training in the field of rheumatology. A rheumatologist is a specialist in the nonsurgical treatment of rheumatic disorders, such as autoimmune diseases and, in particular, arthritis and joint disease. The area of rheumatology is interdisciplinary, which means it relies on close collaboration with other medical specialities. Rheumatologists specialise on immune-mediated musculoskeletal and soft tissue problems, as well as autoimmune diseases and heritable connective tissue disorder.

Rheumatoid Arthritis is a long-term disease that causes pain, stiffness, swelling and limited motion and function of many joints. Rheumatoid Arthritis can affect any joint in our body, the small joints in the hands and feet. Inflammation sometimes can affect organs as well, the eyes or lungs. The stiffness seen in active Rheumatoid Arthritis is mostly worst in the morning. It may remain one to two hours (or even the whole day). Stiffness remain long time in the morning is an indication that you may have Rheumatoid Arthritis. For instance, osteoarthritis often does not cause prolonged morning stiffness.

Other signs and symptoms that can occur in Rheumatoid Arthritis include: Loss of energy, Low fevers, Loss of appetite, Dry eyes, Sjogren's syndrome.

Generally, most of the people are unaware that bone is a metabolically active tissue. Every day-old bone is broken down (bone resorption) and new bone is formed (bone arrangement). Adolescence is an especially essential time for bone health as it is the period to generate the greatest amount of bone and achieve Peak Bone Mass (PBM). People with a low PBM are at higher danger of osteoporosis and fractures later. Insufficient energy intake during adolescence may bring about inability to acquire adequate PBM. Furthermore, energy restriction and/or low energy availability can decrease bone health thus increase the risk of bone injuries.

A bone tumour is a neoplastic growth of bone tissue. Strange changes in the bone might be beneficial (noncancerous) or detrimental (cancerous) (destructive). Bone cancers can be divided into "essential tumours," which originate in bone or from bone-inferred cells and tissues, and "auxiliary tumours," which originate elsewhere and spread to the skeleton (metastasize). Prostate, bosom, lungs, thyroid, and kidney carcinomas are the most common carcinomas to metastasis to bone. Optional hazardous bone tumours are estimated to be 50 to 100 times more common than necessary bone tumours. The most well-known adverse effect of bone tumours is anguish, which will gradually increase over time. A man may wait weeks, months, or even years before seeking medical care; the anguish increases as the tumour grows. Bisphosphonates that are on-hormonal improve bone quality and are available as once-a-week solution tablets. Metatron, also known as strontium-89 chloride, is an intravenous prescription for pain relief that can be administered every three months. Bio-Nucleonics Inc.'s non-exclusive adaption of Metatron is the non-specific Strontium Chloride Sr-89 Injection UPS. Astra zantec is now being audited in relation to a bone malignancy incident.

A test called as a bone density scan is necessary to identify osteoporosis and the risk of fractures. This scan is used to determine the mineral density of the body (BMD). Bone densitometry or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry are used in the procedure (DXA or DEXA). The DXA machine generates two scores: T and Z. T score calculates the quantity of bone in the body compared to the general population and indicates the risk of fracture. The Z score determines the amount of bone you have based on your gender and age, as well as the medical tests you'll need to perform. Bone X-ray, CT scan, and MRI are some of the various modalities utilised to identify bone damage and fractures.

A balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, as well as an appropriate supply of proteins and minerals, aids our bodies in the formation of strong and healthy bones. This aids in the creation and density of healthy bones. Osteoporosis is reduced by regular physical activity. To prevent bone loss, medications such as biphosphates and calcitonin can be used. Osteoporosis can be avoided by increasing calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K, and potassium intake. Caffeine use should be reduced to avoid bone loss. There is currently no treatment for osteoporosis; prevention is the only method to eliminate the disease.

While Coronavirus illness 2019 (COVID-19) startled and invaded everyone's life, osteoporosis continues to progress. Medical resources were promptly relocated, self-isolation and telemedicine were extended, and ambulatory care services like bone densitometry and osteoporosis-focused clinics were put on hold. Progress in fracture prevention has been hampered by the fact that osteoporotic fractures with low energy injuries are more common, despite restrictions on people's mobility. As a result, we must re-engage with concerns about chronic bone health and fracture prevention. This review discusses the challenges of managing osteoporosis during the COVID-19 pandemic, emphasising the importance of implementing recommendations regarding the importance of bone fragility care, with at least those patients who are already taking antiosteoporotic drugs adhering to their medications.

Over the last several months, an unique Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has been reported in 219 nations, regions, or territories throughout the world, posing major health risks. The incubation time for viruses ranges from 2 to 14 days. Patients with osteoporosis have been found to be at a higher risk of developing COVID-19-related complications. Osteoporosis is a long-term disease that weakens bones and raises the risk of fracture. To limit the risk of future bone loss, structural integrity deterioration, and fractures, osteoporosis usually need long-term treatment. The identification of persistent osteoporosis issues should not be an unwelcome victim of the COVID-19 epidemic. In COVID-19 infected people, metabolic bone disease can cause difficulties. COVID-19 infected individuals are being treated by orthopaedic doctors who have been reassigned to other facilities. As a result, mandatory training for orthopaedics is required to grasp the signs of this illness. In a hospital setting with limited medical personnel and operating facilities, orthopaedic surgery and trauma surgery are difficult to perform. Clinicians must address the challenges posed by the crisis and explore how to continue to assist patients with chronic conditions in reducing morbidity and death.

Osteoporosis is a chronic illness characterised by weakened bones and an increased risk of fracture. Osteoporosis is a chronic disorder that usually need long-term medical treatment to prevent further bone loss, skeletal integrity damage, and fractures. The fact that rapid termination of some medications is linked to an elevated risk of injury further complicates the situation. In this setting, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused extraordinary disruption in the delivery of health care throughout the world, including near-universal social distancing restrictions. In this Perspective, we present information on the general management of osteoporosis patients in the COVID-19 period, when available, and clinical recommendations based mostly on expert opinion when data are lacking. The transition from parenteral osteoporosis treatments is given special attention. These suggestions are envisaged to be used to safely guide care for osteoporosis patients until a restoration to normal clinical care standards is possible.